Oxidized minor alkaloid and active metabolite of mitragynine. Substantially more potent at the mu-opioid receptor than mitragynine itself — believed responsible for much of kratom's analgesic and sedative effect at higher leaf doses.
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CC[C@@H]1CN2CC[C@]3(C(=NC4=C3C(=CC=C4)OC)[C@@H]2C[C@@H]1/C(=C\OC)/C(=O)OC)O The pharmacological targets through which this compound exerts its effects.
Principal alkaloid of kratom leaves. Acts as a partial agonist at mu-opioid receptors and an antagonist at kappa and delta — an unusual profile that produces stimulation at low doses and opioid-like effects at higher doses. Also modulates adrenergic and serotonergic systems.
Indole alkaloid acting as a selective α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, increasing noradrenergic tone. Used historically as a peripheral aphrodisiac and now studied for anxiety-related and metabolic effects. Significant interaction risk with MAOIs and many medications.